“智者”利奥六世（Leo VI the Wise）
Leo VI, called the Wise or the Philosopher (Greek: Λέων Ϝ΄ ὁ Σοφός, Leōn VI ho Sophos, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well-read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the Roman consul and Senate (in this period also known as the Byzantine Senate), which continued to exist in name only and lost much of their original functions and powers.
利奥六世，被称为“智者”或“哲人”（希腊语：Λέων Ϝ΄ ὁ Σοφός, Leōn VI ho Sophos，公元866年9月19日—912年5月11日）,他是拜占庭帝国公元886年至912年的皇帝。他是马其顿王朝的第二位统治者(尽管他的出身不详)，他由于博览群书，因此有了这个绰号。在他的统治期间，由他的前任巴西尔一世开启的文艺复兴继续进行。但是帝国也在巴尔干半岛与保加利亚人和在西西里岛、爱琴海与阿拉伯人的战争遭遇了数次军事失败。他的统治还见证了好几个古罗马机构的正式终止，比如罗马执政官和元老院(在这一时期也被称为拜占庭元老院)，它们仍然只是名义上的存在，并失去了很多原有的职能和权力。
Born to the empress Eudokia Ingerina, Leo was either the illegitimate son of Emperor Michael III or the second son of Michael's successor, Basil I the Macedonian.Eudokia was both Michael III's mistress and Basil’s wife. In 867, Michael was assassinated by Basil, who succeeded him as Emperor.As the second eldest son of the Emperor, Leo was associated on the throne in 870 and became the direct heir on the death of his older half-brother Constantine in 879.However, Leo and Basil did not like each other; a relationship that only deteriorated after Eudokia's death, when Leo, unhappy with his marriage to Theophano, took up a mistress in the person of Zoe Zaoutzaina. Basil married Zoe off to an insignificant official, and later almost had Leo blinded when he was accused of conspiring against him. On August 29, 886, Basil died in a hunting accident, though he claimed on his deathbed that there was an assassination attempt in which Leo was possibly involved.
利奥是由皇后尤多基亚·英格林娜所生，他不是皇帝米海尔三世的私生子，就是米海尔的继任者马其顿人巴西尔一世的次子。尤多基亚既是米海尔三世的情妇，也是巴西尔的妻子。公元867年，米海尔被后来继位的巴西尔刺杀。作为皇帝的次子，利奥于公元879年在他同父异母的长兄君士坦丁死后成为直接继承人。然而，利奥和巴西尔之间互相厌恶。 两人的关系在尤多基亚死后才开始恶化，当时利奥对自己与狄奥法诺的婚姻不满，找了个叫佐伊·扎伊泽娜的情妇。巴西尔把佐伊嫁给了一个无足轻重的官员，后来此人被利奥指控谋反，差点刺瞎他的眼睛。公元886年8月29日，巴西尔死于一次狩猎事故，不过皇帝在临终前声称那是一次针对他的暗杀，可能利奥也参与了。
One of the first actions of Leo VI after his succession was the reburial, with great ceremony, of the remains of Michael III in the imperial mausoleum within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.This contributed to the suspicion that Leo was (or at least believed himself to be) in truth Michael's son.Seeking political reconciliation, the new Emperor secured the support of the officials in the capital, and surrounded himself with bureaucrats like Stylianos Zaoutzes (the father of his mistress, Zoe Zaoutzaina) and the eunuch Samonas, an Arab defector whom Leo raised to the rank of patrikios and who stood in as godfather to Leo’s son, Constantine VII.His attempts to control the great aristocratic families (e.g., the Phokadai and the Doukai) occasionally led to serious conflicts,the most significant being the revolt of Andronikos Doukas in 906.
利奥六世继位后的第一个行动之一，就是以隆重的仪式把米海尔三世的遗体重新安葬在君士坦丁堡圣使徒教堂的皇陵里。这使得人们怀疑利奥实际上是(或者至少认为自己是)米海尔的儿子。为了寻求政治和解,新皇帝争取到京官的支持，皇帝周围簇拥着京城的官僚，比如斯蒂利亚诺斯·扎伊泽斯(此人是情妇佐伊·扎伊泽娜之父)和太监萨摩纳斯,他是一个来自阿拉伯的叛逃者，被利奥封为贵族，萨摩纳斯同时也是利奥之子君士坦丁七世的教父。
Leo also attempted to involve himself in the church through his arbitrary interference with the patriarchate.Using Pope John VIII's excommunication of Photius, he dismissed the Patriarch Photios,who had been his tutor, and replaced him with his own 19-year-old brother Stephen in December 886.On Stephen's death in 893, Leo replaced him with Zaoutzes' nominee, Antony II Kauleas, who died in 901.Leo then promoted his own Imperial secretary (mystikos) Nicholas, but suspicions that he was involved in the failed assassination attempt against Leo in 903 as well as his opposition to Leo’s fourth marriage saw Nicholas replaced with Leo’s spiritual father Euthymios in 907.
利奥还武断地干涉主教制度而使自己卷入教会纷争。利用教皇约翰八世将佛提乌斯逐出教会的机会，公元886年12月皇帝开除了曾经是他导师的佛提乌斯，取而代之的是他自己19岁的弟弟斯蒂芬。公元893年斯蒂芬去世后，利奥接受了扎伊泽斯的提名让安东尼二世代替，安东尼于公元901年去世。随后，利奥提拔了自己的御用大臣尼古拉斯，但由于怀疑他参与了公元903年对他的未遂暗杀，以及他反对利奥第四次婚姻，公元907年，尼古拉斯被利奥的精神之父尤塞米奥斯取代。
The magnificent Church of Ayios Lazaros in Larnaca was constructed during the rule of Leo VI in the late 9th century, and it was built after the relics of St. Lazaros were transported from Crete to Constantinople.The church is one of the best examples of Byzantine architecture. Leo also completed work on the Basilika, the Greek translation and update of the law code issued by Justinian I, which had been started during the reign of Basil.
位于拉纳卡的宏伟的圣拉撒路教堂始建于公元9世纪晚期的利奥六世统治时期，该教堂将位于克里特岛的圣拉撒路的遗迹的建材运到君士坦丁堡之后建造的。这座教堂是拜占庭式建筑中最好的范式之一。利奥还完成了巴西尔统治时期开始的《巴西里卡法典》编撰工作，即对查士丁尼一世以来颁布的希腊法典的翻译和更新。
Bishop Liutprand of Cremona gives an account similar to those about Caliph Harun al-Rashid, to the effect that Leo would sometimes disguise himself and go about Constantinople looking for injustice or corruption. According to one story, he was even captured by the city guards during one of his investigations. Late in the evening, he was walking alone and disguised. Though he bribed two patrols with 12 nomismata and moved on, a third city patrol arrested him. When a terrified guardian recognized the jailed ruler in the morning, the arresting officer was rewarded for doing his duty, while the other patrols were dismissed and punished severely.[citation needed]
克雷莫纳的主教利乌特普兰德描述了一个类似于哈里发哈伦·拉希德的故事，大意是利奥有时会伪装自己，皇帝会在君士坦丁堡微服私访，四处寻找不公或腐败。根据一个故事，他甚至在一次微服私访中被城市守卫逮捕。深夜，他乔装打扮后独自一人行走。尽管他用12诺米斯玛塔贿赂了两名巡逻兵并继续前进，但第三个巡逻兵还是将其逮捕。当一名惊恐的守卫在清晨认出了被监禁的统治者时，逮捕皇帝的官员因履行职责而受到奖励，而其他巡逻人员则被解雇并受到严厉的惩罚（需引证）。
Leo VI's fortune in war was more mixed than Basil's had http://been.In indulging his chief counselor Stylianos Zaoutzes, Leo provoked a war with Simeon I of Bulgaria in 894, but he was defeated. Bribing the Magyars to attack the Bulgarians from the north, Leo scored an indirect success in 895.However, deprived of his new allies, he lost the major Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 and had to make the required commercial concessions and to pay annual tribute.
利奥六世在战争中的命运比巴西尔更加复杂。公元894年，在他的首席顾问斯蒂利亚诺斯·扎伊泽斯怂恿下，皇帝对保加利亚的西蒙一世开衅，但被击败。利奥贿赂马扎尔人从北方攻击保加利亚人，在公元895年取得了间接的胜利。然而，由于失去了他的新盟友，他在公元896年的保加罗塞永战役中战败，不得不做出必要的商业上的让步，并每年向敌人进贡。
Although he won a victory in 900 against the Emirate of Tarsus, in which the Arab army was destroyed and the Emir himself captured,in the west the Emirate of Sicily took Taormina, the last Byzantine outpost on the island of Sicily, in 902.Nevertheless, Leo continued to apply pressure on his eastern frontier through the creation of the new thema of Mesopotamia, a Byzantine invasion of Armenia in 902, and the sacking of Theodosiopolis, as well as successful raids in the Arab Thughur.
虽然他在公元900年击败了塔尔苏斯酋长国，在那里阿拉伯军队被摧毁、埃米尔本人被俘，但西部的西西里酋长国在公元902年占领了拜占庭在西西里岛上最后一个军事基地陶尔米纳。虽然如此，利奥六世通过创建美索不达米亚新军区继续对东部边境施加压力。公元 902年拜占庭入侵亚美尼亚，洗劫了塞奥多西波利斯，并对阿拉伯边境的进行了成功袭击，
Then, in 904 the renegade Leo of Tripolis sacked Thessalonica with his pirates – an event described in The Capture of Thessalonica by John Kaminiates – while a large-scale expedition to recover Crete under Himerios in 911–912 failed disastrously. Nevertheless, the same period also saw the establishment of the important frontier provinces (kleisourai) of Lykandos and Leontokome on territory recently taken from the Arabs. In 907 Constantinople was attacked by the Kievan Rus' under Oleg of Novgorod, who was seeking favourable trading rights with the empire.Leo paid them off, but they attacked again in 911, and a trade treaty was finally signed.
然后到了公元904年，变节者特里波利斯的利奥带着海盗洗劫了塞萨洛尼卡——约翰·卡米尼茨在《占领塞萨洛尼卡》一书中描述了这一事件——而在公元911年至公元912年，在希米里奥斯率领下收复克里特岛的大规模远征也灾难性地失败了。不过，在同一时期，皇帝还从阿拉伯人手中最近夺取的领土上建立了赖根多斯和莱昂托科姆这两个重要边疆行省。公元907年，君士坦丁堡遭到诺夫哥罗德的奥列格领导的基辅罗斯军队的攻击，奥列格诉诸武力来谋求与对自己有利的贸易权。利奥被迫给钱，但敌人在公元911年再次发动袭击，最终两国签署了一项贸易协定。
Leo VI caused a major scandal with his numerous marriages which failed to produce a legitimate heir to the throne.His first wife Theophano, whom Basil had forced him to marry on account of her family connections to the Martinakioi, and whom Leo hated,died in 897, and Leo married Zoe Zaoutzaina, the daughter of his adviser Stylianos Zaoutzes, though she died as well in 899.Upon this marriage Leo created the title of basileopatōr ("father of the emperor") for his father-in-law.
利奥六世曾因多次婚姻引起了巨大的非议，但却未能生育皇位的合法继承人。他的第一任妻子狄奥法诺有马蒂纳基奥家庭的背景，巴西尔于是强迫利奥和她结婚，然而利奥却很厌恶她，狄奥法诺于公元897年去世。利奥之后和他的顾问斯蒂利亚诺斯·扎伊泽斯之女佐伊·扎伊泽娜结为连理，尽管她也在公元899年去世了。婚后，利奥为岳父创建了“皇父”的头衔。
After Zoe's death a third marriage was technically illegal,but he married again, only to have his third wife Eudokia Baïana die in 901.Instead of marrying a fourth time, which would have been an even greater sin than a third marriage (according to the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos)Leo took as mistress Zoe Karbonopsina. He married her only after she had given birth to a son in 905,but incurred the opposition of the patriarch. Replacing Nicholas Mystikos with Euthymios,Leo got his marriage recognized by the church (albeit with a long penance attached, and with an assurance that Leo would outlaw all future fourth marriages).
佐伊去世后，第三次婚姻在法律上是无效，但皇帝还是再婚了，不料他的第三任妻子尤多基亚·拜亚娜在公元901年去世。利奥没有第四次结婚，但这将是一个比第三次婚姻更大的罪恶（据大牧首、摄政尼古拉一世所言），即利奥让佐伊·卡波诺普西娜做他的情妇。公元905年她生下一个儿子后，皇帝才娶了她，但却招致了大牧首的反对。利奥用尤塞米奥斯取代了尼古拉一世，从而让他的婚姻得到了教会的认可(虽然他为此付出了长期的忏悔，并被迫保证他未来的第四次婚姻非法)。
The future Constantine VII was the illegitimate son born before Leo's uncanonical fourth marriage to Zoe Karbonopsina. To strengthen his son's position as heir, Leo had him crowned as co-emperor on May 15, 908, when he was only two years old.Leo VI died on May 11, 912.He was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander, who had reigned as Emperor alongside his father and brother since 879.
未来的皇帝君士坦丁七世是利奥与佐伊·卡波诺普西娜第四次婚姻之前的私生子。为了巩固他作为继承人的地位，利奥于公元908年5月15日封他为共治皇帝，当时他只有两岁。利奥六世于公元912年5月11日去世，他的弟弟亚历山大继承了他的皇位。自公元879年起，亚历山大就和他的父亲和弟弟一起成为了皇帝。
Leo VI was a prolific writer, and he produced works on many different topics and in many styles, including political orations, liturgical poems, and theological treatises.On many occasions he would personally deliver highly wrought and convoluted sermons in the churches of Constantinople.
利奥六世是一位多产的作家，他创作了许多不同主题和风格的作品，包括政治演说、礼拜诗和神学论著。他会亲自在君士坦丁堡的教堂许多场合里发表高质量的作品，并进行错综复杂的布道。
In the subject matter of legal works and treatises, he established a legal commission that carried out his father's original intent of codifying all of existing Byzantine law. The end result was a six-volume work consisting of 60 books, entitled the Basilika. Written in Greek, the Basilika translated and systematically arranged practically all of the laws preserved in the Corpus Juris Civilis, thereby providing a foundation upon which all later Byzantine laws could be built. Leo then began integrating new laws issued during his reign into the Basilika. Called "Novels", or "New Laws", these were codes that dealt with current problems and issues, such as the prohibition on fourth marriages. Both the Basilika and the Novels were concerned with ecclesiastical law (canon law) as well as secular law. Most importantly, from a historical perspective, they finally did away with much of the remaining legal and constitutional architecture that the Byzantine Empire had inherited from the Roman Empire, and even from the days of the Roman Republic. Obsolete institutions such as the Curiae, the Roman Senate, even the Consulate, were finally removed from a legal perspective, even though these still continued in a lesser, decorative form.
在以法律为主题的作品和专著方面，他建立了一个法律委员会，以实现他父亲编纂所有现存拜占庭法律的初衷。最终的结果是一部六册的著作，共计60卷，书名为《巴西里卡法典》。《巴西里卡法典》是用希腊文写成的，它翻译并系统地整理了《民法大全》中保存的几乎所有的法律，从而为以后所有拜占庭法律的制定奠定了基础。利奥此外还开始将他统治期间颁布的新法律整合进《巴西里卡法典》。这些被称为“新律”的法典用来处理当前的问题和事件，如禁止第四次婚姻。《巴西里卡法典》和“新律”都涉及教会法和世俗法。最重要的是，从历史的角度来看，他们最终废除了拜占庭帝国从罗马帝国，甚至从罗马共和国时期继承下来的大部分法律和宪法架构。从法律的角度来看，诸如罗马教廷、罗马元老院、甚至执政官等过时的机构最终都被废除了，尽管这些机构仍然以一种较小的、装饰性的形式存在着。
利奥The supposed Book of the Eparch and the Kletorologion of Philotheos were also issued under Leo's name and testify to his government’s interest in organization and the maintenance of public order. The Book of the Eparch described the rules and regulations for trade and trade organizations in Constantinople, while the Kletorologion was an attempt to standardize officials and ranks at the Byzantine court.Leo is also the author, or at least sponsor, of the Tactica, a notable treatise on military operations.
利奥还以自己的名义出版了所谓的《市政官手册》和《论座次知识》，证明了他的政府对组织和维持公共秩序的兴趣。《市政官手册》描述了君士坦丁堡贸易和行业组织的规则和条例，而《论座次知识》则试图规范拜占庭朝廷的官员和普通成员的秩序。利奥还是《战术》的作者，或者至少是赞助人，《战术》是一本关于军事行动的著名专著。
Succeeding generations saw Leo as a prophet and a magician, and soon a collection of oracular poems and some short divinatory texts, the so-called Oracles of Leo the Wise, at least in part based on earlier Greek sources, were attached to the Emperor's name in later centuries and were believed to foretell the future of the world.
后人将利奥视为一名先知、一个魔术师,并很快有他的一套神谕诗和一些卦文的作品集。作品集包含所谓的智者利奥的寓言,其中至少一部分是基于早期希腊文献，在后来的几个世纪中，这些文献都与皇帝的名字联系在一起，被视为预示着未来的世界。
Finally, Leo is credited with translating the relics of St. Lazarus to Constantinople in the year 890. There are several stichera (hymns) attributed to him that are chanted on Lazarus Saturday in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He also composed hymns that are sung on the Great Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross.
最后，利奥被认为在公元890年把圣拉撒路的遗迹搬运到了君士坦丁堡。在东正教教堂，有好几首在拉撒路圣周六的吟唱的赞美诗用来称颂皇帝。皇帝自己也创作赞美诗，他曾在大筵席上吟唱《高举十字架》。
By his first wife, Theophano, Leo VI had one daughter:
利奥六世和他的第一任妻子狄奥法诺有一个女儿:
Eudokia, who died in 892.
尤多基亚，在公元892年去世。
By his second wife, Zoe Zaoutzaina, Leo had one daughter:
Anna, betrothed and married to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Blind,though Dr. Shaun Tougher, Reader in Ancient History at Cardiff University, doubts they were married.
利奥和第二任妻子佐伊·扎伊泽娜有一个女儿安娜，她曾与神圣罗马帝国的皇帝盲人路易斯订婚并结婚，但是卡迪夫大学古代史讲师肖恩·萨勒博士对他们的婚姻表示怀疑。
By his third wife, Eudokia Baïana, Leo had one son:云顶贵宾会
Basil, who survived for only a few days.
利奥和他的第三任妻子尤多基亚·拜亚娜有一个儿子巴西尔，他生下来后只活了几天。
By his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, Leo had two children:
Anna
Constantine VII
利奥和他的第四任妻子佐伊·卡波诺普西娜有两个孩子利奥，安娜和君士坦丁七世
全文翻译自维基百科英文版